[Daryl]

The ideal Shoulder Turn is the Standard Variation of 10-13-A. This
involves a Backstroke Turn 'as Flat as possible' back to the Plane,
followed by a Downstroke Turn down the Plane.


Could someone please clarify this for me? I don't understand what is meant by "as Flat as possible back to the plane".

Where did "Flat as possible" come from?

The book says that "...Shoulder Turn which places the Shoulder “On Plane” for any Plane Angle with a flatter angle than the Rotated Shoulder Angle." It is named "Flat" "relatively Flat" but is surely not as Flat as one can turn.

"On Plane" is about the "Steepest"
"Rotated" is still pretty steep (90 degrees to the Spine)
"Flat" is just below Rotated

10-13-A STANDARD This is dual application of the Flat (-B below) Backstroke and On Plane (-D below) Downstroke Shoulder Turn.

10-13-B FLAT This is a relatively flat Backstroke Shoulder Turn which places the Shoulder “On Plane” for any Plane Angle with a flatter angle than the Rotated Shoulder Angle. A Flat Downstroke Shoulder Turn can serve only to impact a circular motion to the Stroke, but almost irresistibly “Off Plane.”